Artist's impression of dinosaur extinction. James McKay
Climate cooling associated with sulphur gases directly contributed to the extinction of the dinosaurs, research carried out at the Universities of St Andrews and Bristol has found.
The gases were ejected into the Earth's atmosphere after a six-mile-wide asteroid hit what is now the Yucatan Peninsula, around 66 million years ago.
The research, published today in PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences) in collaboration with Syracuse University (New York, US), and Texas A&M explored the consequences of the asteroid impact known as the Chicxulub impact.
The research team found that sulphur gases circulated globally for years in the Earth's atmosphere, cooling the climate and contributing to the mass extinction of life. This extinction event was catastrophic for dinosaurs and other life but also allowed for the diversification of mammals including primates.
Dr James Witts of the School of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol said: "Our data provides the first direct evidence for the massive amounts of sulphur released by the Chicxulub impact. It's amazing to be able to see such rapid and catastrophic global change in the geological record."
Dr Aubrey Zerkle of the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of St Andrews, explained: "One reason this particular impact was so devastating to life seems to be that it landed in a marine environment that was rich in sulphur and other volatiles. The dinosaurs were just really unlucky!"
Sulphate aerosols had long been implicated as a primary forcing agent of the mass extinction event which marked the end of the Cretaceous period and the start of the Paleogene period on Earth but to what extent was not known.
The new research was able examine the rare sulphur isotopes in material ejected by the impact and deposited in a nearby sea, now represented by rocks found along the Brazos River in Texas.
Atmospheric sulphur in the stratosphere scattered incoming solar radiation and prolonged planetary-scale cooling for many years after the original impact, causing acid rain and reducing the light available for photosynthesis which is vital for plant life and marine plankton that form the base of the food chain. "The initial effects of the impact were caused by rock dust, soot and wildfires, but the sulphur aerosols extended the time period over which life would have suffered from extreme cooling, reduced sunlight and acidification of the land surface and oceans. And it was this extended duration of cooling that likely played a central role in the severity of the extinction." said Christopher Junium of the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Syracuse University.
The Cretaceous period, the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, lasted from around 145 to 66 million years ago and featured a warm climate with reptiles and dinosaurs dominating the planet.
Its end was marked by the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event a sudden mass extinction event which also marked the start of the Cenozoic Era in which we still live today.
Paper:
'Massive perturbations to atmospheric sulphur in the aftermath of the Chicxulub impact' by is published by A Zerkle, J Witts et al in PNAS.
