Glioblastomas are highly aggressive, usually incurable brain tumors. If all therapeutic options are exhausted, patients have an average life expectancy of less than two years. Now researchers from the German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) at the West German Tumor Center Essen have made a surprising discovery: in the vicinity of glioblastomas, they found islands of highly potent immune cells in the neighboring bone marrow of the skull, which play a central role in defending against cancer. The new data may open up prospects for innovative therapies. On the other hand, they cast a shadow over conventional strategies.
In the DKTK, the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) in Heidelberg, as a core center, is joining forces with university partner sites in Germany with special oncological expertise on a long-term basis.
"What we have found is surprising and fundamentally new," says Björn Scheffler, DKTK researcher at the Essen site. Until now, the body's own defenses have always been thought of as a holistic system that sends its troops to different parts of the body as required. "However," says Scheffler, "our data show that highly potent immune cells gather in regional bone marrow niches close to the tumor and organize the defence from there. At least this is the case with glioblastomas."
Immune system on site
Based on new findings from animal experiments, the Essen team took tissue samples from the bone marrow near the tumor in the skull from untreated patients with glioblastoma. "However, the methods for this first had to be established," reports first author Celia Dobersalske, emphasizing the fact that the new research results were obtained from human tissue samples.
The researchers hit the bull's eye in their search: Bone marrow niches in close proximity to the glioblastoma appear to be the reservoir from which the anti-tumor defense is recruited. Apart from active lymphoid stem cells that develop into immune cells, the researchers also found mature cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8 cells) in the bone marrow close to the tumor. "These are highly effective immune cells that play a central role in the defense against cancer," adds Celia Dobersalske. They can recognize and destroy malignant cells.
The CD8 cells in the bone marrow near the tumor had an increased number of receptors on their surface, which control the proliferation of mature T lymphocytes. In line with this, descendants of the same cell clones - one clone originates from one and the same cell - were detected both in the bone marrow and in the tumor tissue. This is clear evidence that the immune cells gathered on site are fighting the glioblastoma. "And they are successful - at least for a while," says Björn Scheffler. "We were able to show that the course of the disease correlates with the activity of the local CD8 cells."
Valuable immune cells destroyed?
This finding not only turns conventional ideas about how the immune system works on their head. The treatment concepts for glioblastoma must also be reconsidered in light of the new data. "Until now, we hadn't even considered the skullcap in our considerations. How could we, since there was no evidence that highly potent immune cells could be hiding there," says senior author Scheffler.
"When we opened the skull, we may have destroyed important immune cells in the process," confirms Ulrich Sure, Director of the Department of Neurosurgery and member of the Essen research team. "In view of the new findings, we find ourselves in a dilemma: we have to gain access to the tumor in order to remove it and also to be able to confirm the diagnosis. There is currently no other way than through the skull. But we are thinking about how we can minimize damage to the local bone marrow in the future."
On the other hand, the discovery of the local immune system opens up opportunities for innovative therapies. In particular, so-called checkpoint inhibitors are coming back into play. These are immunotherapeutic agents that aim to boost the body's own cancer defenses. However, checkpoint inhibitors tested to date have shown little effect on glioblastomas.
"Various explanations have been suggested as an explanation, but perhaps we also need to rethink things in this respect," says Björn Scheffler. "We now know that highly potent immune cells are indeed present on site. We were able to prove that they are fit to fight tumors, but they are not capable of destroying the tumor on their own. This is where we can start. One challenge will be to deliver drugs in sufficient concentration to the regional bone marrow niches at the right time. If we succeed, we may have a chance of controlling the growth of glioblastomas and improving our patients' chances of survival."
This work was funded by the Wilhelm Sander Foundation and the DKTK Joint Funding Program 'HematoTrac'.
Dobersalske C et al: Cranioencephalic functional lymphoid units in glioblastoma.
Nature Medicine 2024, DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-03152-x.
An image of the press release is available for download:
www.dkfz.de/de/presse/pressemitteilungen/2024/bilder/Dobersalske-Scheffler-NatMed2024.png
Caption: Skull bone (gray) of a patient with glioblastoma. Vessels (red) in the inner cavities of the local bone marrow; the immune cells, which are only found enriched in the immediate vicinity of the tumor, are shown in green.
Source: Dobersalske/Scheffler / DKTK
With more than 3,000 employees, the German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ) is Germany's largest biomedical research institute. DKFZ scientists identify cancer risk factors, investigate how cancer progresses and develop new cancer prevention strategies. They are also developing new methods to diagnose tumors more precisely and treat cancer patients more successfully. The DKFZ's Cancer Information Service (KID) provides patients, interested citizens and experts with individual answers to questions relating to cancer.
To transfer promising approaches from cancer research to the clinic and thus improve the prognosis of cancer patients, the DKFZ cooperates with excellent research institutions and university hospitals throughout Germany:
National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT, 6 sites)
German Cancer Consortium (DKTK, 8 sites)
Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ) Heidelberg
Helmholtz Institute for Translational Oncology (HI-TRON Mainz) - A Helmholtz Institute of the DKFZ
DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim
National Cancer Prevention Center (jointly with German Cancer Aid)
The DKFZ is 90 percent financed by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research and 10 percent by the state of Baden-Württemberg. The DKFZ is a member of the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centers.
