Sexual violence against men by women is growing in areas such as social media, but is not receiving the level of attention as violence against women by men.
Female-perpetuated sexual assault against men - and why is can be be downplayed or overlooked in social media debates - is the focus of a new study by criminology experts at Flinders University and Deakin University.
The research, published in the Journal of Interpersonal Violence, analyses 28 Facebook posts from 13 popular Australian newspapers to reveal common themes, including sexualised responses to attractive offenders.
The research highlights how online users continue to follow harmful and gendered expectations despite growing social awareness on the prevalence of sexual violence, says co-author, Senior Lecturer in Criminology, Dr Andrew Groves, from the College of Business, Government and Law at Flinders University.
"Our research explores how social media users seem to question the severity of these offences and tend to sexualise the offenders based on their appearance," he says.
"Online Facebook users appear to downplay the harms perpetuated by female sex offenders due to perceptions of gendered expectations of 'pretty women' and 'lucky blokes'."
Lead author Dr April Murphy, from Deakin's School of Humanities and Social Sciences, says misguided and stigmatised online debates can perpetuate the harms experienced by male-identifying survivors.
The online comments "illustrate a disconnect between harm and fantasy" when talking about women as offenders, rather than men, "as users appear to focus on the sexual aspects of the act and what they could (or would like to) benefit or receive from the interaction rather than its impact as a serious crime," she says.
"The online users seem to struggle to consider the harms committed by women as equal to those committed by men, or indeed possible at all."
Denial of harm not only allows this kind of sexual violence to continue - arguably against both men and women - but also limits the likelihood of support or, in some cases, may enable retribution, the researchers say.
While acknowledging the gendered nature of sexual violence, these denial of harm responses devalue the impact of the behaviour while shifting the blame away from the perpetrators who, in these cases, happen to be women.
"Such responses have serious consequences for male victim-survivors affecting the likelihood of reporting and the perceived legitimacy of victimhood by victims and the community."
However, the researchers say there is a silver lining to these harmful stereotypes emerging as more people recognise the potential harm caused by female sex offenders.
The comments collected in the study emphasised a heightened awareness of female sex offending, with almost one-fifth (17%) of users acknowledging the damage caused by gendered double standards and more than one-quarter (26%) expressing concern for male victim-survivors.
