WASHINGTON—Middle-aged women who are exposed to toxic metals may have fewer eggs in their ovaries as they approach menopause, according to new research published in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.
Diminished ovarian reserve is when women have fewer eggs compared to others their age. The condition may be linked to health problems such as hot flashes, weak bones and a higher chance of heart disease.
Menopause is a normal part of the aging process a woman goes through that causes her monthly periods to end. The menopausal transition includes the years leading up to that point, when women may experience symptoms such as changes in their monthly cycles, hot flashes or night sweats. The menopausal transition most often begins between the ages 45 and 55 and usually lasts about seven years.
Studies have linked heavy metals measured in urine with women's reproductive aging and diminished ovarian reserve. Heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead are commonly found in our drinking water, air pollution and food contamination and are considered endocrine-disrupting chemicals.
"Widespread exposure to toxins in heavy metals may have a big impact on health problems linked to earlier aging of the ovaries in middle-aged women, such as hot flashes, bone weakening and osteoporosis, higher chances of heart disease and cognitive decline," said study author Sung Kyun Park, Sc.D., M.P.H., Associate Professor of Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Mich. "Our study linked heavy metal exposure to lower levels of Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in middle-aged women. AMH tells us roughly how many eggs are left in a woman's ovaries–it's like a biological clock for the ovaries that can hint at health risks in middle age and later in life."
The researchers studied 549 middle-aged women from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) who were transitioning to menopause and had evidence of heavy metals— including arsenic, cadmium, mercury or lead—in their urine samples. They analyzed data from AMH blood tests from up to 10 years before the women's final menstrual periods.
They found women with higher levels of metal in their urine were more likely to have lower AMH levels, an indicator of diminished ovarian reserve.
"Metals, including arsenic and cadmium, possess endocrine disrupting characteristics and may be potentially toxic to the ovaries," Park said. "We need to study the younger population as well to fully understand the role of chemicals in diminished ovarian reserve and infertility."
Other study authors: Ning Ding, Xin Wang, Siobán Harlow and John Randolph Jr. of the University of Michigan; and Ellen Gold of the University of California Davis School of Medicine in Davis, Calif.
The study was funded by the National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institute on Aging, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
The manuscript, "Heavy Metals and Trajectories of Anti-Müllerian Hormone During the Menopausal Transition," was published online, ahead of print.
