New research published in Anaesthesia (a journal of the Association of Anaesthetists) shows that black pregnant women in the UK are much more likely than white women to be given general anaesthesia during Caesarean section births, while some black and south Asian women having vaginal births are less likely than white women to receive an epidural (a type of anaesthetic used to provide pain relief in labour).
The authors of the study include Dr James Bamber, Consultant, Department of Anaesthesia, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK, and Dr Nuala Lucas, Consultant, Department of Anaesthesia, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, Harrow, UK, and Marian Knight, Professor of Maternal and Child Population Health at the National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, UK. They say that the reasons for these differences are unknown, but there should be further research to see if improvements can made to reduce any inequalities in the different types of pain relief and anaesthesia that women can receive for childbirth.
With general anaesthesia a woman is unconscious during the caesarean birth of her baby and is at more risk of serious medical complications compared to being awake with a spinal or epidural anaesthetic. The quality of recovery after caesarean birth with a spinal or epidural anaesthetic is better than after general anaesthesia. Over 95% of women who have caesarean births in the UK have a spinal or epidural anaesthetic and are awake during the delivery of their baby. For women who have planned, non-emergency caesarean births, less than 2% will have general anaesthesia.
An epidural is a relatively safe intervention that can provide excellent pain relief for labour that can improve the parental birthing experience. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended epidural analgesia for healthy pregnant women requesting pain relief during labour, depending on a woman's preferences. Recent research has found that the use of epidural pain relief in labour has also been associated with less risk of severe complications for the mother during labour and delivery, and that babies born to women who had epidural pain relief may have better childhood developmental outcomes.
It is known that there are differences in maternal and neonatal outcomes for women from different ethnic groups in the UK. The maternal death rate in black women is four times that of white women and there is a higher incidence of stillbirth, preterm labour and fetal growth restriction in South Asian and black women compared with white women. Minority ethnic women reported a poorer maternity care experience than white women. However, until now, there has been no published study of the relationship between ethnicity and obstetric anaesthetic care in the UK.
In this new study, using routine national maternity data for England (hospital episode statistics admitted patient care) collected between March 2011 and February 2021, involving data for 2,732,609 births, the authors investigated ethnic differences in obstetric anaesthetic care adjusting for any differences between ethnic groups for maternal age; geographical residence; deprivation; year of delivery; number of previous deliveries; and pre-existing health conditions including obesity.
This study found that Black Caribbean-British women in the UK were 58% more likely than white women to receive general anaesthesia during elective caesarean births and Black African-British women were 35% more likely. For emergency caesarean births, Black Caribbean-British women are 10% more likely than white women to have general anaesthesia.
Compared to white women who had vaginal births, Bangladeshi-British women were 24% less likely to have an epidural, whilst Pakistani-British women were 15% less likely and Black Caribbean women 8% less likely.
Other studies that have found differences in obstetric anaesthesia care between ethnic or racial groups have mostly come from the USA, where access to healthcare maybe determined by insurance or economic status. The authors say, "In contrast to other published studies of obstetric anaesthetic care by ethnicity, the care of the women in our dataset was provided within an integrated national healthcare system, where care is provided free at the point of access and where a woman's access to obstetric care and her anaesthesia choices should not be limited by her personal financial circumstances."
Another finding in the study was that black women were 40% less likely to have an assisted (forceps/ventouse) vaginal delivery compared to white women but instead were more likely to have an emergency caesarean birth.
The authors note the limitations of their study, which include that it is observational and therefore cannot explain the reasons for the differences found. In addition, the study analysis depended on the accuracy of the data collected by hospitals. Furthermore, there may be other unknown factors, not collected in national statistics, about how a woman's labour and delivery was managed, that were not accounted for in the analysis and may have contributed to the differences found in the study.
The authors discuss how differences in the maternity care given to women with different ethnicity may arise from barriers to information and knowledge, as well as barriers to choosing how and where care is provided. There can also be empathy biases from healthcare professionals, for example the interpretation of the labour pain experience of women from different ethnic groups.
The authors conclude: "Ethnic disparities may reflect different cultural attitudes in different ethnic communities and arise from positive maternal preferences and choices. However, it behoves health professionals and providers to ensure any differences in anaesthesia rates are not due to inequities in the access, delivery or quality of care before they are attributed to personal or cultural preferences. To ensure that obstetric anaesthetic care is equitable, the information provided in maternity care on the choices for anaesthesia and analgesia must be easily accessible in terms of availability, language and readability, and should be culturally cognisant. There is a need to listen better to women from ethnic minorities so as to avoid health professional misconceptions and presumptions about women's expectations and experiences of their perinatal care."
