Synthetic drugs are rapidly transforming the global drug trade, fuelling an escalating public health crisis, according to the UN administered International Narcotics Control Board ( INCB ).
In its 2024 Annual Report, released on Tuesday, the INCB explains that unlike plant-based drugs, these substances can be made anywhere, without the need for large-scale cultivation, making them easier and cheaper for traffickers to produce and distribute.
The rise of powerful opioids like fentanyl and nitazenes - potent enough to cause overdoses in tiny doses - has worsened the crisis, driving record-high deaths.
"The rapid expansion of the illicit synthetic drug industry represents a major global public health threat with potentially disastrous consequences for humankind," said INCB President Jallal Toufiq.
"We need to work together to take stronger action against this deadly problem which is causing hundreds of deaths and untold harm to communities," he continued.
Traffickers stay ahead of regulations
Criminal groups are constantly adapting to evade law enforcement.
By exploiting legal loopholes, they develop new synthetic compounds and use artificial intelligence to find alternative chemicals for drug production.
New smuggling methods - including drones and postal deliveries - make these drugs harder to detect.
As a result, seizures of synthetic substances are now outpacing those of traditional plant-based drugs like heroin and cocaine.
Patchwork response
Despite efforts to curb synthetic drugs, responses remain fragmented, allowing traffickers to stay ahead.
The INCB is calling for stronger global cooperation, including partnerships between governments, private companies and international organizations, to disrupt supply chains and prevent harm.
Medication out of reach
While synthetic drugs flood illegal markets, millions of people in low- and middle-income countries still lack access to essential pain relief medication.
The report highlights that opioid painkillers such as morphine, remain unavailable in regions like Africa, South Asia and Central America - not due to supply shortages, but because of barriers in distribution and regulation.
The INCB is urging opioid-producing nations to increase production and affordability to improve palliative care and pain management.
Regional hotspots concerns
The report identifies several regions where synthetic drug trafficking is expanding.
In Europe, the looming heroin deficit following Afghanistan's 2022 opium ban could push more users toward synthetic alternatives while in North America, despite efforts to curb the crisis, synthetic opioid-related deaths remain at record highs.
The manufacture, trafficking and use of amphetamine-type stimulants are increasing across the Middle East and Africa, where treatment and rehabilitation services are often inadequate.
Meanwhile, in the Asia-Pacific region, methamphetamine and ketamine trafficking continues to grow, particularly in the Golden Triangle.
Call for urgent action
The INCB is urging governments to strengthen international collaboration, improve data-sharing and expand drug prevention and treatment services.
Without decisive action, the synthetic drug trade will continue to evolve, putting more lives at risk.
