Some veterans continue to struggle with underemployment and dissatisfaction with their pay up to four years after leaving the military, according to a recent survey study by researchers in the Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness at Penn State (Clearinghouse).
Published in the Journal of Veterans Studies, the study of approximately 3,000 post-9/11 veterans analyzed data from The Veterans Metrics Initiative: Linking Program Components to Post-Military Well-Being (TVMI Study) and the Veterans Engaging in Transition Studies (VETS). TVMI launched in April 2015 and, with the VETS study, followed post-9/11 veterans over the first 6.5 years of their transition from military to civilian life.
"Post-9/11 veterans, those who served during the global War on Terror in Iraq and Afghanistan and have transitioned to civilian life face substantial risk of underemployment," said Katie Davenport, assistant research professor at the Clearinghouse and lead author on the study. "This issue partly arises because many employers struggle to understand how military skills, particularly leadership, translate to civilian jobs. Also, veterans can feel pressure to accept jobs quickly after they leave military service and may not be as selective as they should be."
Underemployment occurs when people hold jobs that do not match their education, experience or skills. Underemployment can lead to significant challenges, including depression, anxiety, anger, low job commitment and poorer health.
This study found that one-third of post-9/11 veterans reported being underemployed but not dissatisfied with their compensation, while 10% reported being underemployed and dissatisfied. Slightly more than half of veterans reported no issues with underemployment or dissatisfaction with their compensation.
Veterans who reported underemployment and dissatisfaction with their compensation after three years out of the military earned between $11,000 and $24,000 less than their peers who did not report these issues.
This research also explored how underemployment and dissatisfaction with compensation influenced veterans' likelihood of leaving their jobs.
"Compared to veterans who were neither underemployed nor dissatisfied with their compensation, those who were underemployed were nearly 90% more likely to leave their job, while those who were both underemployed and dissatisfied with their compensation were four times more likely to leave," said co-author Daniel Perkins, principal scientist at the Clearinghouse and professor of family and youth resiliency and policy in the College of Agricultural Sciences.
Between the third and fourth years after leaving the military, 12% of veterans changed jobs. Underemployed veterans who left their jobs experienced a salary increase of over $10,000.
"These findings highlight the proactive steps many veterans take to improve their employment situations," Davenport said. "Rather than sitting still, veterans dissatisfied with their jobs or compensation actively seek better opportunities to enhance their transition from military to civilian life."
About the Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness
The Clearinghouse is an applied research center committed to advancing service members' and their families' health and well-being. The Clearinghouse takes a solution-oriented approach that includes conducting applied research studies, building workforce expertise through training and resource provision, implementing and evaluating evidence-informed programs and practices, and delivering objective data and policy-relevant findings so that decisions are based on the best science and evidence available. The Clearinghouse is located within Penn State's Social Science Research Institute.
About the TVMI Study
The TVMI Study was managed by the Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc. (HJF) and collaboratively sponsored by the Bob Woodruff Foundation, Health Net Federal Services, The Heinz Endowments, HJF, Lockheed Martin Corporation, May and Stanley Smith Charitable Trust, National Endowment for the Humanities, Northrop Grumman, Philip and Marge Odeen, Prudential, Robert R. McCormick Foundation, Rumsfeld Foundation, Schultz Family Foundation, Walmart Foundation, Wounded Warrior Project Inc., and the Veterans Health Administration Health Services Research and Development Service.
About VETS
In 2020, the Clearinghouse expanded on TVMI with continued, independent data collection in a new research effort known as the Veterans Engaging in Transition Studies (VETS). This longitudinal study continues to examine veterans' experiences as they transition from military to civilian life. It explores the components across veteran transition programs linked to 4 well-being domains: vocation, finances, mental and physical health, and social relationships. A Wave 7 survey (initiated 4 ½ years after separation) was funded by the Pew Student Loan Research Project and explored the impacts of COVID-19 and the scope and scale of veterans' higher education debt obligations. In 2023, a Wave 8 survey (initiated 6 ½ years after separation) was conducted in partnership with the Wounded Warrior Project, The Heinz Endowments, May & Stanley Smith Charitable Trust, and The Arthur M. Blank Family Foundation. This survey examined new topics, including burn pits and other toxic exposure, perceptions of the U.S. military and the VA, social media usage, and civic engagement.
