In the blockbuster 1996 movie Twister, meteorologists successfully deployed small weather sensors into the heart of an active tornado to collect data and revolutionize severe weather safety.
Previously the stuff of legend, a researcher from Australia's Bureau of Meteorology teamed up with Western's Northern Hail Project (NHP) this summer to turn science fiction into fact as they unleashed similar sensors, known as hailsondes, into an Alberta hailstorm for the first-time ever.
The 24g hailstone-shaped probes are attached to balloons and released inside storm updrafts. Once released, they behaved like hailstones, capturing measurements of the pathways hail takes and the conditions in which hailstones grow as they moved through a storm. The probes also measured significant ice growth and travelled in a half-circle around the storm's rotation, also known as the "mesocyclone."
Joshua Soderholm (Contributed)
"It started as a weekend project to see if the technology was there to build such a device," said Joshua Soderholm, an Australian thunderstorm scientist and long-time collaborator of NHP executive director Julian Brimelow. "There was a significant amount of engineering to ensure it could also survive the extreme conditions inside storms."
Soderholm designed the technology in 2021 with Matthew Kumjian from Pennsylvania State University; Jordan Brook, PhD student at the University of Queensland, and Anders Petersson from the Swedish atmospheric measurement solutions company, Sparv Embedded.
Julian Brimelow
Brimelow invited Soderholm to participate in the ongoing 2023 NHP field studyin Alberta to conduct research and train student interns in the new technology.
"Collecting data from the eye of the storm is the white whale of meteorological research," said Brimelow. "This unique dataset will improve our capacity to simulate models of hailstorm events and provides direct validation of what hailstones experience during a storm."
NHP funded several hailsonde sensors, which recently finished the final stages of testing and development.
Joshua Soderholm releases a hailsonde into the approach supercell's inflow region. (Contributed)
On days with severe hailstorms, Soderholm deployed the hailsonde system alongside NHP equipment to measure the conditions in which hailstones grow.
"This is not as simple as it sounds and requires being at the right location at the right time with the right type of hailstorm," said Soderholm.
After several days without any luck, the team intercepted a supercell (severe storm with rotating updraft) producing giant hail east of Edmonton on July 24 around 4:30p.m. and successfully launched two hailsondes into the storm.
The hailsondes were captured by the supercell and then detached from their balloons, continuing their ascent just like real hailstones, lofted more than seven kilometres high by winds exceeding 120 km/h.
Schematic of the hailsonde: 3D printed parts, battery and electronics encased in a polystrene shell. (Image by Joshua Soderholm)
With the new-found success of the hailsondes, plans are now underway to use larger numbers and devise a method to retrieve the devices once they've fallen to the ground to study the ice collected.
This game-changing technology was a finalist for the 2022 Harry Otten Prize for Innovation in Meteorology. The international award is presented every second year by the European Meteorological Society (EMS) for hardware or software innovation that can be readily applied and bring benefits quickly.
NHP is a research spinoff of the Northern Tornadoes Project, which was founded in 2017 with support from social impact fund ImpactWX. Western's Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction (ICLR), which financially supports NHP, plays a role as a major research partner.
